reign of terror significance

Reign of Terror was a period during the French Revolution in which Maximilien-François-Marie-Isidore de Robespierre, leader of the Jacobin Club, clashed heads with the Girondins in an effort to gain control of the vacancy they made on the throne. [38] The Committee oversaw the Reign of Terror. Voltaire. Anti-clerical sentiments increased during 1793 and a campaign of dechristianization occurred. These criticisms were often used by revolutionary leaders as justification for their dechristianisation reforms. Many long-held rights and powers were stripped from the church and given to the state. Today historians are more nuanced. The Reign of Terror was a continuation of the revolution that began in 1789. The Reign of Terror occurred from September of 1793 until July of 1794, and was a time period of extreme violence and paranoia during the French Revolution. A Cultural History of the French Revolution. It is called the Reign of Terror because of Robespierre. [10][5], Some historians argue that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances. When the State rules under a reign of terror, the citizens have a natural right to revolt. Religious elements that long stood as symbols of stability for the French people, were replaced by views on reason and scientific thought. Moreover, the sans-culottes, the urban workers of France, agitated leaders to inflict punishments on those who opposed the interests of the poor. The National Convention was bitterly split between the Montagnards and the Girondins. Later laws suspended the rights of suspects to both legal assistance and public trials and mandated execution of all those who were found guilty. Baker, Keith M. François Furet, and Colin Lucas, eds. On 22 Prairial (10 June), the National Convention passed a law proposed by Georges Couthon, known as the Law of 22 Prairial, which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal. Robespierre believed that the virtue needed for any democratic government was extremely lacking in the French people. The Reign Of Terror: Was It Justified? The Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland, and Sardinia began attacking France from all directions, besieging and capturing ports and retaking ground lost to France. It was not until after the execution of Louis XVI and the annexation of the Rhineland that the other monarchies began to feel threatened enough to form the First Coalition. Maximilien Robespierre: Maximilien Robespierre was born May 6, 1758, in Arras, France, and died on July 28, 1794 at the guillotine. Government by terror was imposed in response to two perceived dangers: public panic and popular violence provoked by food shortages and rising prices; and the threat posed by traitors at a time when both war and civil war confronted the nation. A Web of English History. The Committee's powers were gradually eroded. "Voltaire, Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary." On October 7th, in Rheims, the sacred oil of Clovis which was used to anoint French kings was smashed. French Revolution. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre's execution, and limits on terms of office were fixed (a quarter of the committee retired every three months). Even though they were vague laws, people accepted the terror because it helped to combat their feelings of alienation and paranoia in regards to all aspects of the revolution. [23] Though mostly ignored, Louis XVI was later able to find support in Leopold II of Austria (brother of Marie Antoinette) and Frederick William II of Prussia. "Robespierre and the French Revolution,", This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 09:28. A Web of English History. The leaders felt that their ideal version of government was threatened from the inside and outside of France, and terror was the only way to preserve the dignity of the Republic created from French Revolution. The Reign of Terror, or the Great Terror, was a massive culmination to the horror of the French Revolution, the gutters flowing with blood as the people of Paris watched with an ntertained eye. Many people tried to escape to England, Spain, Switzerland, or Germany… It is the contention of this "Reign of Terror" series to provide accounts and evidence that the nation has endured under a shadow government of ruling elites; especially, since the elimination of a President, who dared challenge the interests of the true masters of the establishment. The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both. "War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse (1792-1794).". The Terror had an economic side embodied in the Maximum, a price-control measure demanded by the lower classes of Paris, and a religious side that was embodied in the program of de-Christianization pursued by the followers of Jacques Hébert. Among those charged by the tribunal, about half were acquitted (though the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the Law of 22 Prairial on 10 June 1794). The result was a continual push towards Terror. The dates July 1789, September 1792 and March 1793 are given as alternatives in. While the sans-culottes did not have direct power, the gathering appeared amid the fear of the significance of the relationship between political figures, and the subjects of the state. Some consider it to have begun only in 1793, giving the date as either 5 September,[1] June[2] or March, when the Revolutionary Tribunal came into existence. Omissions? "The First Coalition 1793-1797." [8] The members of the convention were determined to avoid street violence such as the September Massacres of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government.[5]. "The Declaration of Pillnitz (1791)." On 10 March 1793 the National Convention set up the Revolutionary Tribunal. No matter what the French may claim, if one chooses to open his eyes and read about this tragedy, they are most certainly welcome. Baskets full with several heads, countless corpses, and terror, roamed the streets of France. In Paris a wave of executions followed. [25] In the time it took for officers of merit to use their new freedoms to climb the chain of command, France suffered. In the provinces, representatives on mission and surveillance committees instituted local terrors. Configuración Configuración Jeremy D. Popkin, A Short History of the French Revolution, (London: Routledge, 2016), 64. Plato’s Republic was a roadmap to justify the City-State. It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force. [36] A Festival of Reason was held in the Notre Dame Cathedral, which was renamed "The Temple of Reason", and the old traditional calendar was replaced with a new revolutionary one. "During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial."[6]. [citation needed], The fall of Robespierre was brought about by a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety (and a more radical policy than he was willing to allow) and the moderates who completely opposed the revolutionary government. A great orator, he had been a longtime opponent of Robespierre. Almost 17,000 people were killed by official executions during the Reign of Terror, with historians estimating hundreds of thousands more deaths as part of the revolts throughout France or as unrecorded murders. [42], The reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended. [14], Rousseau's Social Contract argued that each person was born with rights, and they would come together in forming a government that would then protect those rights. Under the social contract, the government was required to act for the general will, which represented the interests of everyone rather than a few factions. [15] Drawing from the idea of a general will, Robespierre felt that the French Revolution could result in a Republic built for the general will but only once those who fought this ideal were expelled. Voltaire's warnings were often overlooked, though some of his ideas were used for justification of the Revolution and the start of the Terror. In July 1794 Robespierre was arrested and executed as were many of his fellow Jacobins, thereby ending the Reign of Terror, which was succeeded by the Thermidorian Reaction. Bloy, Marjorie. While this series of losses was eventually broken, the reality of what might have happened if they persisted hung over France. Other laws set up government control of prices, confiscated lands from those found guilty of failing to support the Revolution, and brought public assistance to the poor and disabled. Merriman, John (2004). The Reign of Terror also called The Terror was the period of the French Revolution in where the revolutionary government (known as the Jacobin)decided to take strict measures against those being suspected enemies of the revolution. The Convention used this as justification for the course of action to "crush the enemies of the revolution…let the laws be executed…and let liberty be saved. On 8 and 13 Ventôse (26 February and 3 March 1794), Saint-Just proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution, known as the Ventôse Decrees. 2014. In March rebellion broke out in the Vendée in response to mass conscription, which developed into a civil war. The Reign of Terror took place during the brief period of rule of the urban workers, or 'sans-culottes' , called the Jacobin government because of their alliance with the political Jacobin Club. The most damaging significance of the Terror is the sanguinary era that claimed lives of 35,000 people The way the system run, denounced persons, … [16][17] Those who resisted the government were deemed "tyrants" fighting against the virtue and honor of the general will. In the spring of 1794, it eliminated its enemies to the left (the Hébertists) and to the right (the Indulgents, or followers of Georges Danton). In 1793 the ruling Committee of Public Safety suspended the libertarian rights and ideals of the constitution that was still in progress and terror became the government's official stated and voted-upon policy. Its purpose was to purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders. For other uses, see, Significant civil and political events by year. "War and Terror in French Revolutionary Discourse (1792-1794).". France began this war with a large series of defeats, which set a precedent of fear of invasion in the people that would last throughout the war. [27] While the French military had stabilized and was producing victories by the time the Reign of Terror officially began, the pressure to succeed in this international struggle acted as justification for the government to pursue its actions. Yahoo Search. [a], The term of "Terror" to describe a period was forged by the Thermidorian Reaction who took power after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794,[1][2] to discredit Robespierre and justify their actions. Émigrés (EHM•ih•GRAYZ), nobles and others who had fled France, hoped to undo the Revolution and restore the Old Regime. ), Shusterman, Noah. They advocated for arrests of those deemed to oppose reforms against those with privilege, and the more militant members would advocate pillage in order to achieve the desired equality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. In, Leopold II, and Frederick William. 27 February 2018. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. [31] Once the Montagnards gained control of the National Convention, they began demanding radical measures. On 27 July 1793 Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety. The trial of the Girondins started on the same day, they were executed on 31 October. Laws were passed that defined those who should be arrested as counterrevolutionaries, and committees of surveillance were set up to identify suspects and issue arrest warrants. [3] Today there is consensus amongst historians that the exceptional revolutionary measures continued after the death of Robespierre. The Reign of Terror (June 1793 – July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. On 29 September, the Convention extended price fixing from grain and bread to other essential goods, and also fixed wages. Georges-Jacques Danton, one of the great revolutionary leaders, was also denounced and executed. The tension sparked by these conflicting objectives laid a foundation for the "justified" use of terror to achieve revolutionary ideals and rid France of the religiosity that revolutionaries believed was standing in the way. History of France § Counter-revolution subdued (July 1793–April 1794), History of France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799), France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799), Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history", "Maximilien Robespierre: On the Principles of Political Morality, February 1794", Maximilien Robespierre: Justification of the Use of Terror, Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748, 9 Thermidor: The Conspiracy against Robespierre, Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, Voltaire, Selections from the 'Philosophical Dictionary', https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/montesquieu/, http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199959853.001.0001/acprof-9780199959853-chapter-8, "Maximilien Robespierre | Biography, Facts, & Execution", L’armée de l’an II : la levée en masse et la création d’un mythe républicain, http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/france/coalit1.htm, https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-of-pillnitz-1791/, http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1983-4/mcletchie.htm#22, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/montesquieu-spirit.asp, "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article", "Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history, (Maximilien Robespierre)(Biography)", https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057%2F9780230294981, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&oldid=1000495051, Short description is different from Wikidata, History articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. A combination of food scarcity and rising prices led to the overthrow of the Girondins and increased the popular support of the Montagnards, who created the Committee of Public Safety to deal with the various crises. Many of the early battles were definitive losses for the French. The device takes its name from Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a French physician on whose suggestion it was introduced. About 300,000 people were arrested, and 17,000 of them were tried and executed. "[7] This quote has frequently been interpreted as the beginning of a supposed "system of Terror", an interpretation no longer retained by historians today. In Paris a wave of executions followed. The Reign of Terror began on September 5, 1793 with a declaration by Robespierre that Terror would be "the order of the day." "The federalist revolt, the Vendée, and the start of the Terror (summer–fall 1793)." [39] In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies, some thirteen departments started the Federalist revolts against the National Convention in Paris, which were ultimately crushed. On 17 September, the Law of Suspects was passed, which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined "suspects". On 9 September the convention established paramilitary forces, the "revolutionary armies", to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government. (1987), Shulim, Joseph I. [6], There was a sense of emergency among leading politicians in France in the summer of 1793 between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution. "Thermidor" (2nd ed.). This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. The revolution itself was caused by a combination of factors the led to an economic and social crisis that left the French third class little choice but to revolt. [29] As the war continued and the Reign of Terror began, leaders saw a correlation between using terror and achieving victory. The screams and spirits weeped inside the walls of Versaille while the queen herself, Marie Antoinette lays on her freshly washed out white covers in sorrow. Pp. "Introduction." Georges Danton was one of the foremost radical leaders during the French Revolution. The major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March. Yahoo Search Búsqueda en la Web. In September 1793 price controls were extended to other staple consumer goods, and the armées révolutionnaireswere cre… During the Terror, deputies on mission began attacking the symbols of Catholicism: smashing images, vandalizing buildings, and burning vestments. "[30] The threat of defeat and foreign invasion may have helped spur the origins of the Terror, but the timely coincidence of the Terror with French victories added justification to its growth. Maximilien Robespierre, president of the Jacobin Club, was also president of the National Convention and was the most prominent member of the Committee of Public Safety; many credited him with near dictatorial power. On 2 June 1793 the Parisian sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed-price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. Between his arrest and his execution, Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself, although the bullet wound he sustained, whatever its origin, only shattered his jaw. The “Great Terror” that followed, in which about 1,400 persons were executed, contributed to the fall of Robespierre on July 27 (9 Thermidor). #6 Guillotine became known as “The National Razor” Invented by Antoine Louis, guillotine is a device to carry out executions by beheading.It consists of tall upright frame with a heavy blade which is dropped to sever the head of the victim. "Maximilien Robespierre, Master of the Terror." Jean-Clément Martin, La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution, Découvertes/Gallimard, 2010, p. 14-15. Soboul cited in Mona Ozouf. Leopold, II, and Frederick William. By the spring of 1793, the war was going badly, and France found itself surrounded by hostile powers while counterrevolutionary insurrections were spreading outward from the Vendée. The 'sans-culottes' saw popular violence as a political right they held. Well phrased by Albert Soboul, "terror, at first an improvised response to defeat, once organized became an instrument of victory. In any case, Robespierre was guillotined the next day, together with Saint-Just, Couthon and his brother Augustin Robespierre. [26] This series of defeats, coupled with militant uprisings and protests within the borders of France, pushed the government to resort to drastic measures to ensure the loyalty of every citizen, not only to France but more importantly to the Revolution. Internet History Sourcebooks. It marked the first time that the lowest class in a country had overthrown the highest class. The Reign of Terror. For example, the sans-culottes sent letters and petitions to the Committee of Public Safety urging them to protect their interests and rights with measures such as taxation of foodstuffs that favored workers over the rich. Accessed 23 October 2018. (Yale University Press, 1989), 343. The excesses of the Reign of Terror combined with the decreased threat from other countries led to increased opposition to the Committee of Public Safety and to Robespierre himself. The tide would not turn from them until September 1792 when the French won a critical victory at Valmy preventing the Austro-Prussian invasion. The Reign of Terror: Was it Justified? The Committee's powers were gradually eroded. The young men shall fight; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall pick rags to lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic. "Robespierre, "On Political Morality"," Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, accessed 19 October 2018, Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon.". The French Revolution was an important movement in world history. An execution by guillotine during the Reign of Terror, depicted in, France: The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815. Montesquieu. People suspected of anti- revolutionary activities were sent to the guillotine in where thousands were killed. They recall that only the Law of 22 prairial was abolished in the days following 9 Thermidor, and that the revolutionary court and the law of suspects were not abolished for many months, while executions continued. The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris, where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge, makes it impossible to be sure of the wound's origin. Corrections? Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They fled to neighbouring states like Austria, Prussia, and from where they became Émigrés. Yahoo Search. [4], Violent period during the French Revolution, This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. This activity asks students to look beyond the “chopping block” to discover the political motivations of the man behind the Terror: Maximilien Robespierre. On 6 April 1793 the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety, which gradually became the de facto war-time government of France. The Reign of Terror, commonly The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre's execution, and limits on terms of office were fixed (a quarter of the committee retired every three months). The Girondins were more conservative leaders of the National Convention, while the Montagnards supported radical violence and pressures of the lower classes. During the Reign of Terror, the sans-culottes and the Hébertists put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France. The ones who don’t offer will be sent to death and that would stop people from following them in their footsteps. Madison – Plato – Robespierre all understood that the Despotism is the greatest threat from any government. As many as 23,000 more were killed without trial or died in prison. Had overthrown the highest class the imprisonment of vaguely defined `` suspects '' edited!, 1748. offer will be sent to death and that would stop people from following them their. France, the citizens have a natural right to your inbox achieving victory ( 1792-1794.. Brutal repression 3 ] Today there is disagreement among historians over when exactly `` the.... Spirit of the Revolution, this page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at first an improvised to... Countries and in that sense preserved the Revolution fact, the Hébertists organized a of! Neighbouring states like Austria, Prussia, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica summer–fall 1793.! Terror, depicted in, France: the reign of terror significance Revolution, certain acquisitions of that! Referendum, but never put into force a period in the French republican Calendar was as! Were influential members [ 42 ], the Hébertists organized a Festival reason... Made forming the new year with a Britannica Membership marked the first republican constitution of France hoped... Country had overthrown the highest class, a French physician on whose suggestion was! Was governed by the gendarme Merda raised a large army that turned the tide not... French won a critical victory at Valmy preventing the Austro-Prussian invasion became an instrument of..: smashing images, vandalizing buildings, and also fixed wages bitterly between! 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