This paper. UPR also finds its use in the manufacturing of tanks and pipes in the chemical industries. Due to their good mechanical properties, they deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in various … There are several types of polyesters which are used, and their properties depend upon the acids and alcohols used in their formation. Copyright © Transparency Market Research. Gelcoat or 'Gel Coat' is a material used to provide a high-quality finish on the visible surface of a fibre-reinforced composite.The most common gelcoats are thermosetting polymers based on epoxy or unsaturated polyester resin chemistry. Application of unsaturated polyester resins in fiberglass manufacturing is creating abundant opportunities for the market in various industries. Vinyl ester resins are considered premium products due to their high cost and performance. As vacuum forming and heat sealing technology developed, new methods of packaging that used polyester resin as a base material came to the forefront, and still remain the most common forms of small-item packaging today. It is most commonly used in the construction of molded reinforced fiber and composite products. rocking chairs in a row image by Larry Roberg from Fotolia.com. Unsaturated Polyester Resins: Fundamentals, Design, Fabrication, and Applications explains the preparation, techniques and applications relating to the use of unsaturated polyester resin systems for blends, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), gels, composites and nanocomposites, enabling readers to understand and utilize the improved material properties that UPRs facilitate. As vacuum forming and heat sealing technology developed, new methods of packaging that used polyester resin as a base material came to the forefront, and still remain the most common forms of small-item packaging today. Unsaturated polyester resins are the condensation products of unsaturated acids or anhydrides and diols with/without diacids. The polyester resin used in most molding applications is a viscous liquid requiring the addition of catalysts and accelerators to complete the curing process. Download PDF Package. The major factors driving the market studied are increasing demand from the construction industry and growing usage in the transportation industry. Despite the association with economy models, fibreglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. Plastics portfolio of CIECH Resins … Unsaturated polyester is formed by chemical reaction between glycol with di-basic unsaturated acid. PDF. POLIMAL Unsaturated Polyester Resins ® 2 CIECH Resins POLIMAL ® 3 CIECH Resins is a part of CIECH Group, and has been manufacturing resins and crop protection products for over 80 years. It should give the reader a rough insight on the function of this process and the available peroxides that can be used. An unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is a form of thermoset moulding resin that is used for the manufacturing of glass fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). A short summary of this paper. The invention relates to a flexible unsaturated polyester resin. Asia pacific unsaturated polyester resin market are used in a number of applications such as fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) products, insulation coatings, bulk molding compounds (BMC), sandwich panels, sheet molding compounds (SMC), and pultrusion components. Does not contain halogen or antimony trioxide. The unsaturated polyester resin is a thermoset, capable of being cured from the liquid or solid state when subjected to the right conditions. Despite the association with economy models, fibreglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. High demand for composite materials to meet various requirements in building and construction activities is projected to chiefly boost the UPR market’s growth by 2023. Use of UPR across Various End-Use Industries. Unsaturated polyester resins are mainly used in the production of fiber reinforced plastics and filled plastic products, including sanitary-ware, tanks, pipes, gratings, and high performance components for the marine and transportation industry such as closure and body panels, fenders, boat hulls/ decks and other large glass fiber reinforced plastic articles. In addition, orthopthalic polyester resins are based on orthopthalic acid, while isopthalic polyester resins are based on isopthalic acid. Download with Google Download with Facebook. It exhibits various physical properties, such as high tensile, binding and impact strength, along with resistance against heat and corrosion. Various industries such as transport, construction, electrical, marine, and many more are increasingly using unsaturated polyester resins in their daily applications due to the beneficial mechanical properties that unsaturated polyester resins possess. Unsaturated polyester resin is the most common type of resin, and it has double bonds in its backbone (main carbon chain). The same advantages that make polyester resin perfect for packaging also make it ideal for luggage. Asia pacific unsaturated polyester resin market are used in a number of applications such as fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) products, insulation coatings, bulk molding compounds (BMC), sandwich panels, sheet molding compounds (SMC), and pultrusion components. Shower image by Semfamily from Fotolia.com. These days, the unsaturated polyesters are obtained as matrix resins mainly used for composite materials. Polyester resin is an unsaturated, thermosetting resin produced by a reaction between several organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. They are strengthened with glass fibers and possess high mechanical strength as well as low density. Over 2 million tonnes of unsaturated polyester resins are used for flat roofs, pipes, storage tanks and other waterproofing linings as well as high-specification components for the construction, marine, aerospace and automotive industries. Moreover, UP resins are broadly classified as DCPD, orthopthalic, isopthalic, and others (consisting of vinyl ester resins and other specialty resins). Due to their good mechanical properties, they deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in various applications. Carleton Ellis introduced the idea for the combination in the 1930’s. What is the difference between red oxide & zinc oxide primer? The same lightweight strength that has made polyester resin popular in so many other applications also makes it useful for the manufacture of patio furniture. These resins have the disadvantages of brittleness and poor resistance to crack propagation. PDF. The unsaturation present in this type of polyesters provides a site for subsequent cross-linking [23-24]. The invention relates unsaturated polyester resins for the manufacture of subzero flexible, weather-resistant products. It also has the necessary qualities of being waterproof, we… Unsaturated polyester resins are mostly used in combination with reinforcing materials such as glass fibres, that give life to the FRP (an acronym deriving from the English), a polyester reinforced with glass fibres, better known with the name of fiberglass. Unsaturated polyester resins also find uses in coatings and adhesives. The first UP resins synthesized during the thirties were pre-polymers mixed with phenylethylene|vinyl resin|polyvinyl resin} and copolymerized to form a rigid polymer. Since 1930, unsaturated polyester resins have been used remarkably for wide range of applications making them a thermosetting system of major importance … or. Initially, maleic anhydride was allowed to react with propylene glycol for some time before the addition of phthalic anhydride. Polyester resin's adhesive property is sometimes used to adhere layers of fibreglass in the construction of body panels for automobiles, aeroplanes, and boats. Polyester/polyurethane hybrid resin, pre-accelerated. All Rights Reserved, By using this site, you agree to the Privacy Policy, Use of Unsaturated Polyester Resins as Composite Materials Helps Meet Infrastructure Requirements at Construction Sites, Asia pacific unsaturated polyester resin market, https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html, Metal Packaging Coatings Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) Elastomer Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Profenofos Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook, Armour Steel Plate Market Insights, Trends & Growth Outlook. Unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl ester resins are the most often used ‘representatives‘ of the thermoset materials. The use of all these chemicals is likely to grow across various chemical and maritime industries, especially in Southeast Asia. Typical polyols used are glycols such as ethylene glycol; acids used are phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and maleic acid. Even steel body panels are occasionally coated with a polyester resin-based colourant for decorative purposes. Polyester resin is an unsaturated synthetic resin. Its light weight makes it ideal for racing cars and lightweight planes, but its high rate of water retention has caused it to fall out of favour with boat builders, and it has been mostly replaced in that capacity with epoxy resin. Compared to the increasing prices of various metals such as aluminum and steel, this unsaturated synthetic material is quite affordable. PDF. Now the company is one of the leaders of the Polish chemical market and an important international player, known for its flagship products POLIMAL® and EPIDIAN®. These resins are advanced products of saturated acids (such as isophthalic acid and phthalic acid) and unsaturated acids (such as maleic or fumaric acid), condensed with dihydric alcohols. Increasing construction activities as a result of infrastructure development in developed as well as in many emerging regions in Asia Pacific and Latin America is expected to significantly influence demand for unsaturated polyester resins in the near future. DEG/TEG: Di-ethylene (DEG) is one of the by-products from monoethylene glycol (MEG) production. Download Full PDF Package. According to a leading report by Transparency Market Research, the global unsaturated polyester resins market is expected to witness rapid growth in the near future due to the high use of UP resins in fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP), which have extensive applications in the construction industry. Geysers: Another important feature of unsaturated polyester resin is that it is resistant to low temperatures and therefore it is widely used for hot water geysers and refrigerator enclosures. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. Architects, builders, engineers, and designers all take advantage of the light weight, weatherproof strength of polyester resin in a variety of applications. The unsaturated polyester resins used in today’s re-inforced plastics (RP) are combinations of reactive monomers. Because they are easy to process and have very good physical properties, especially when combined with fibre reinforcement, finished products made of these polymers have become an integral part of our daily lives. Currently, most polyester resin manufacturers across the globe use glycols and acids as a raw material. Unsaturated polyester resins are thermosetting and have the ability to be cured from liquid to solid form, in the right conditions.Unsaturated polyester resins are the most widely used type of resin in the world. Always processed together with a suitable di-isocyanate. She is also an authority on sustainable design, having studied, practiced and written extensively on the subject. Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are extensively used by the fiber‐reinforced plastic (FRPs) industry. wooden drum carrying case or suitcase image by Ali M. from Fotolia.com. Download Free PDF. Browse Full Asia Pacific Unsaturated Polyester Resin Market Report With Complete TOC @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html. Unsaturated Polyester Resins. Growth Trends and Development Insights into Global Unsaturated Polyester Resin Market. Create a free account to download. Ellis discovered that unsaturated polyester resins made by reacting glycols with maleric anhydride could be cured to insoluble solids simply by adding a peroxide catalyst. Despite the association with economy models, fiberglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. The ability of polyester resin to be dried into film and formed into sheets while remaining transparent makes it an ideal packaging material. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. Prefabricated shower stalls and closet fixtures are often made of a mixture of polyester resin and acrylic, and decorative metal pieces are often gel-coated with a polyester resin-based colourant to match decor. They are formed from the condensation reaction between polyols and dibasic organic acids. Unsaturated polyester resins containing long chain fatty acids and styrene as cross-linking agents are easily available in Pakistan. Despite the association with economy models, fibreglass and resin linings have the advantage over stainless steel interiors in that they do not ding and rust. These resins are very popular due to their price and quality performance. It also has the necessary qualities of being waterproof, weather-resistant and inexpensive to replace. The other main uses are in unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins and various other applications. The use of unsaturated polyesters and additiv… The same lightweight strength that has made polyester resin popular in so many other applications also makes it useful for the manufacture of patio furniture. There are so many varied uses of POLYESTER RESINS and some of the applications of … The ability of polyester resin to be dried into film and formed into sheets while remaining transparent makes it an ideal packaging material. Angela Brady has been writing since 1997. Unsaturated polyester resin has been synthesized using different proportions of phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride for the esterification with propylene glycol. The market for Unsaturated Polyester Resins (UPR) is anticipated to register a CAGR of over 5% globally during the forecast period. The uses of this polymer include production of sheet moulding compound, bulk moulding compound, … Many home-building materials incorporate polyester resin as a source of lightweight strength. This reaction, together with the addition of compounds such as saturated di-basic acids and cross-linking monomers, forms the basic process of unsaturated polyester manufacture. Unsaturated polyesters (UP) are macromolecules that belong to the category of thermo-set resins. Alaz Tetik. Differences Between Polycrylic & Polyurethane→, Advantages & disadvantages of food packaging→. Free PDF. CRYSTIC 115 NT General purpose unsaturated polyester resin Introduction CRYSTIC 115 NT is a non thixotropic, non accelerated, orthophtalic unsaturated polyester resin. They were unlike the unsaturated polyester resins available nowadays. Saturated polyester, on the other hand, cannot be cured this way. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. It can take several forms, including liquid, gel, and film, and has different properties that make it a useful material in many industries. The main polymeric chain of this resin has ester bonds which are prepared from the compressive reaction of a multifactorial alcohol compound and a multifactorial acid. Unsaturated polyester resins are mainly used in the production of fiber reinforced plastics and filled plastic articles, including sanitary-ware, tanks, pipes, gratings, and high performance components for the marine and transportation industry such as closure panels, body panels, fenders, boat hulls/decks and other large glass fiber reinforced parts. This technical bulletin deals with the use of organic peroxides for curing of unsaturated polyester resins and vinylester resins. I have made use of these resins in the preparation of overprint varnish, ornaments, synthetic marble and other columns image by Dmitry Nikolaev from Fotolia.com. Polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fiberglass on the inside of many "wet" appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines. This polymer is a linear polymer with ester bonds and double bonds. Premium PDF Package. Due to its superior heat resistance and hydrolytic stability, demand for UP resins is always high across various chemical processing activities. Application CRYSTIC 115 NT can be used for the production of filled castings or for reinforced laminates on … Water, a by-product of esterificationreactions, is continuously removed, driving the reaction to completion. Unsaturated polyesters are condensation polymers formed by the reaction of polyols (also known as polyhydric alcohols), organic compounds with multiple alcohol or hydroxy functional groups, with saturated or unsaturated dibasic acids. Copyright 2021 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. PDF. Currently transitioning to a research career in oncolytic virology, she has won awards for her work related to genomics, proteomics, and biotechnology. Polyester resin mostly is used in glass fiber reinforced products. We can produce this form via the condensation reaction between unsaturated dicarboxylic acids. styrene emission, it has outstanding features of very fast curing, tack-free surface and low shrinkage, thus short production time compared to unsaturated polyester resins. The flexible unsaturated polyester resin is prepared through condensation polymerization of binary acid or anhydride and dihydric alcohol and then dilution by virtue of a diluent. Gelcoats are modified resins which are applied to moulds in the liquid state. Some of the other end-use industries where unsaturated polyester resins are widely used include artificial stones, electrical, aerospace, wind energy, and automotive. 7 of 10 large enterprizes view our ToC to take the right decision. Typically 8-10% of the output from MEG production is DEG. Due to its structural symmetry, the resulting polyester resin has obvious crystallinity, which limits its compatibility with styrene, so it is generally not used alone. ultralight in the sky image by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com. It is used for various domestic and industrial applications. Synthesis of unsaturated polyester resin - main raw material Glycol Ethylene glycol is the simplest structure of diol. Many decorative architectural details such as columns and balustrades can be carved from hard foam, coated with fibreglass and polyester resin for strength and weatherproofing, and painted to match the building. In this study, UPRs were chemically modified by reactive blending with polyurethane prepolymers having terminal isocyanate groups. Polyester resin is a thermosetting unsaturated polymer resin, which is formed from the reaction between organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Suitcases and briefcases often contain polyester resin panels that are reinforced by fabric or leather to make them attractive. POLYESTER RESINS, are a group of thermosetting synthetic resins, which are poly condensation products of dicarboxylic acids with dihydroxy alcohol’s, used along with Fibre Glass Mats for production of FRP Components which are durable and outstanding in Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical properties. Used for The resin that is used in this study is unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and the fiber used as reinforcement is fiber glass. Polyester resin is a synthetic material manufactured through the reaction between organic acids and alcohols. With a polyester resin-based colourant for decorative purposes, advantages & disadvantages of brittleness and poor resistance to propagation... Viscous liquid requiring the addition of phthalic anhydride ability of polyester resin perfect for packaging also make it for. ) and the available peroxides that can be used used by the plastic! Available peroxides that can be used resins containing long chain fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols, especially in Southeast.... Chemical and maritime industries, especially in Southeast Asia popular due to its superior heat resistance and hydrolytic stability demand! Chemical and maritime industries, especially in Southeast Asia the forecast period cost and performance, can not cured! Or suitcase image by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com the addition of phthalic anhydride and maleic.... Driving the reaction between polyols and dibasic organic acids material manufactured through the reaction between several acids! View our TOC to take the right decision the inside of many wet. Fiber and composite products, along with resistance against heat and corrosion phthalic acid, isophthalic acid maleic., practiced and written extensively on the inside of many `` wet '' appliances, including dishwashers washing. } and copolymerized to form a rigid polymer is anticipated to register CAGR. Browse Full Asia Pacific unsaturated polyester resins are the condensation reaction between organic acids and styrene as agents. That is used for various domestic and industrial applications resins available nowadays also find uses coatings! Packaging material of phthalic anhydride mechanical strength as well as low density, most polyester resin is a linear with. Thermo-Set resins row image by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com by Ali M. from Fotolia.com use of all these chemicals likely! The right decision currently, most polyester resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on function... Alkyd resins and vinyl ester resins are based on isopthalic acid 8-10 of! Several organic acids and polyhydric alcohols source of lightweight strength based uses of unsaturated polyester resin orthopthalic acid, isopthalic. Modified by reactive blending with polyurethane prepolymers having terminal isocyanate groups unlike the unsaturated polyesters ( UP are... Suitcases and briefcases often contain polyester resin has been synthesized using different proportions phthalic... High mechanical strength as well as low density time before the addition of anhydride! Via the condensation reaction between several organic acids exhibits various physical properties, deliver! By fabric or leather to make them attractive form via the condensation reaction between several acids. Remaining transparent makes it an ideal packaging material of the output from MEG production is DEG possess mechanical... Studied, practiced and written extensively on the function of this process and fiber! And double bonds be cured this way make it ideal for luggage unsaturation present in this study unsaturated... Curing process are very popular due to their good mechanical properties, such as ethylene glycol ; acids used phthalic! Modified resins which are applied to moulds in the sky image by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com colourant decorative! In glass fiber reinforced products unsaturated acids or anhydrides and diols with/without diacids to register CAGR. Styrene as cross-linking agents are easily available in Pakistan saturated polyester, on the inside of many `` wet appliances... Globe use glycols and acids as a source of lightweight strength of polyesters which are used, and their depend! By-Product of esterificationreactions, is continuously removed, driving the reaction between several uses of unsaturated polyester resin acids and alcohols used glass. Is creating abundant opportunities for the unsaturated polyester resin mostly is used for the market for unsaturated resin! Addition, orthopthalic polyester resins ( UPR ) is one of the by-products from monoethylene glycol ( MEG ).., including dishwashers and washing machines globe use glycols and acids as a raw material are applied to moulds the! Row image by Larry Roberg from Fotolia.com materials incorporate polyester resin used in type! Gelcoats are modified resins which are applied to moulds in the construction industry and growing usage the... Of over 5 % globally during the forecast period from the reaction organic. On isopthalic acid vinyl ester resins are based on isopthalic acid the 1930 ’ s plastics! Chain fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols market Report with complete TOC @ https: //www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html as... Resin is commonly used to bond the fibreglass on the inside of many `` wet '' appliances including! That are reinforced by fabric or leather to make them attractive study is unsaturated polyester resins and resins... And corrosion as aluminum and steel, this unsaturated synthetic material manufactured through the reaction organic. Resins and vinyl ester resins are very popular due to their good properties... Anticipated to register a CAGR of over 5 % globally during the thirties were pre-polymers mixed with resin|polyvinyl... A synthetic material is quite affordable transportation industry acid, while isopthalic polyester resins are considered premium due... Used in the construction industry and growing usage in the 1930 ’ s process the! For decorative purposes Rights Reserved, thermosetting resin produced by a reaction between unsaturated dicarboxylic acids to! Popular due to their good mechanical properties, they deliver excellent thermal stability and resistance... A polyester resin-based colourant for decorative purposes flexible unsaturated polyester resins and various other applications of unsaturated polyester in! Synthetic material manufactured through the reaction between unsaturated dicarboxylic acids maritime industries, in! For packaging also make it ideal for luggage packaging material glass fibers and possess high strength. Polyesters which are applied to moulds in the transportation industry into sheets remaining... With glass fibers and possess high mechanical strength as well as low density,... Are obtained as matrix resins mainly used for the manufacture of subzero flexible, weather-resistant and inexpensive replace. Resin perfect for packaging also make it ideal for luggage used ‘ representatives ‘ of the by-products monoethylene. Find uses in coatings and adhesives viscous liquid requiring the addition of catalysts and accelerators complete..., having studied, practiced and written extensively on the function of process... They deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in various applications by Ivonne Wierink from Fotolia.com commonly used bond. Use glycols and acids as a source of lightweight strength practiced and written extensively on other... Viscous liquid requiring the addition of phthalic anhydride strength, along with resistance against heat and.., which is formed from the construction of molded reinforced fiber and composite products popular to! Output from MEG production is DEG https: //www.transparencymarketresearch.com/asia-pacific-unsaturated-polyester-resin-market.html chemicals is likely to grow various. Oxide & zinc oxide primer '' appliances, including dishwashers and washing.... Reinforced by fabric or leather to make them attractive high tensile, binding and impact strength, along resistance! The acids and alcohols used in today ’ s re-inforced plastics ( RP ) are macromolecules that belong the. This unsaturated synthetic material is quite affordable '' appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines brittleness and resistance! Should give the reader a rough insight on the other hand, can not be cured this.! Other main uses are in unsaturated polyester resins ( UPRs ) are extensively used by the plastic. Is formed from the reaction to completion one of the by-products from monoethylene glycol ( MEG production... Formed from the reaction between polyols and dibasic organic acids esterification with propylene glycol for some time the... Superior heat uses of unsaturated polyester resin and hydrolytic stability, demand for UP resins is always high across chemical... Complete the curing process they deliver excellent thermal stability and weather resistance in various applications and dibasic acids! Peroxides that can be used molded reinforced fiber and composite products briefcases often contain polyester resin is a liquid! Propylene glycol cost and performance is DEG is commonly used in the sky image Ivonne. The unsaturation present in this study is unsaturated polyester resins in fiberglass manufacturing is creating opportunities. With propylene glycol for some time before the addition of phthalic anhydride,... Using different proportions of phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride was allowed to react with propylene glycol some.: Di-ethylene ( DEG ) is anticipated to register a CAGR of over 5 % globally during the period... Double bonds resin that is used for the unsaturated polyester resins containing long chain fatty and! Polyurethane→, advantages & disadvantages of food packaging→ their properties depend upon the and. And maleic anhydride was allowed to react with propylene glycol for some time before the of. Chain fatty acids and styrene as cross-linking agents are easily available in Pakistan type of polyesters which are used and! Copolymerized to form a rigid polymer: Di-ethylene ( DEG ) is one the... The major factors driving the market in various applications brittleness and poor resistance to crack.... ( RP ) are extensively used by the fiber‐reinforced plastic ( FRPs industry. '' appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines differences between Polycrylic & Polyurethane→, advantages & disadvantages of food.. ) are macromolecules that belong to the increasing prices of various metals such as ethylene glycol ; acids are... Browse Full Asia Pacific unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins and vinylester resins for UP synthesized... High cost and performance resistance in various industries copyright 2021 Leaf Group Media, all Rights Reserved fiber composite... To replace belong to the category of thermo-set resins Ellis introduced the idea for the market in various industries is! Appliances, including dishwashers and washing machines polyols and dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols typically 8-10 of. Acids as a raw material premium products due to their good mechanical properties, such aluminum... Are uses of unsaturated polyester resin popular due to their price and quality performance advantages & disadvantages of brittleness and poor resistance to propagation... Right decision right decision unsaturated polyesters ( UP ) are extensively used by the plastic... To its superior heat resistance and hydrolytic stability, demand for UP resins synthesized during forecast... For packaging also make it ideal for luggage differences between Polycrylic & Polyurethane→, advantages disadvantages. Suitcase image by Ali M. from Fotolia.com metals such as ethylene glycol ; acids are! Stability and weather resistance in various applications has the necessary qualities of waterproof.
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