As a case study and backed by its ambitious circularity goals, Amsterdam can serve as an example for cities worldwide. Working off-campus? [18-20] Many scholars attribute its origin to Bogdanov’s Tektology theory[21] and Von Bertalanffy’s[22] attempt of unifying sciences through the “General System Theory” (GST). [18] The major limitation of current waste management systems was identified by many as a lack of “systems thinking.”[18, 23, 31, 34]. [15] Here, we identify three levels of complexity, cascading from the most to the least complex: macro‐, meso‐, and microenvironments. The Edge is a 40,000m² Office building in the Zuidas business district in Amsterdam. This can help in shifting mind‐sets toward approaches that will become prerequisites for the actual transition to happen. To this end, we propose a set of guidelines for converting the results of the mapping process into circular economy business models[16] that are open and integrative. Here we propose an innovative research methodology which, by introducing both these features in waste management strategy‐making, facilitates the transition toward a circular approach. Within this methodology, we reinterpret these activities disregarding the first (since it is not directly involved in waste management practices although influenced by educative and incentives schemes), and the last, because ideally in a circular economy all waste is diverted from disposal. [15, 25, 40] Inputs are represented by the different sources of the waste (e.g., households, commercial activities, or industries). The macroenvironment was first divided in its three main functional zones according to land use: industrial, agricultural, and residential. Finally, we reintegrate the results from the mapping process through the connection nodes, obtaining a systemic overview of relationships and processes, which serves as a frame for a circular strategy. Domestic waste in Amsterdam 3 December 2014 . Or looking for a certain expertise? Waste policy and management is a important pilar to achieve a circular economy Benchlearning and benchmarking Funds for waste innovations (ecodesign, new waste Considering an acceptable error of 5%, a distribution of 50%, and a confidence level of 95%, we suggest minimum sample of 385 respondents (to be then adjusted according to the population of the city of interest). We then add some support activities, by identifying five waste management activities: collection, monitoring, incentivizing participation, transportation, and processing (including recycling and on‐site handling). The large room for improvement offered by organic waste management in Amsterdam makes it particularly interesting. Microenvironments: These are specific activities within the mesoenvironments that deserve special attention. Population density is strictly related to the quantity of residential waste. The value creation includes the whole infrastructure of resources, activities, and relationships that the focal actors have to provide and manage to create value for the customers,[51] the society, the environment, and the economy. The last pillar thus covers the system component “community response” and maps the social engagement toward the waste stream of interest. Jos de Bruijn, city of Amsterdam . It allows for mapping the flows of the waste stream of interest through the city, identifying inputs, stocks, and outputs. [18, 23] This, besides reducing the effectiveness of the whole system, drives the focus on single technologies supported by linear policies that provide for compartmentalized and temporary solutions, often turning themselves into future problems. [18] Therefore, outlining system boundaries and components reduces the complexity but does not impact the systemic approach. Study Waste Management Case Study: Singapore flashcards from Sam Grimshaw's Chipping Campden School Academy class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or … Using our cheap essay writing help Solid Waste Management Case Study India is beneficial not only because of its easy access and low cost, but because of how helpful it can be to your Solid Waste Management Case Study India studies. The multipillar mapping highlights specific opportunities and limitations inherent to each pillar and uncovering the connecting nodes between them. To facilitate this, we recognize our system as the intersection between two larger systems, “waste management (for that specific waste stream)” and the “urban ecosystem” (Figure 1). The scores are then visualized in a radar plot, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of each practice, which represent the connecting node to the other pillars. The results of the multipillar mapping set the basis for a circular waste management strategy. One of the most complex and urgent issues tied to the current linear system is urban waste management. It also identifies potential losses and inefficiencies in the system. Case Study: Sustainable, decentralised, waste management system Dr Aparna Pandey, Head - Research wing, Monisha Narke , Founder and CEO and Pradnya Bandvdekar, Project Operations Executive, RUR GreenLife detail how the Bombay College of Pharmacy implemented an effective waste management system to reduce waste being transported to the landfills from their campus with technological … The sample is representative of the city population above 20 years old which was the main target. “They saw that an interdisciplinary approach makes it really possible to inspire change and realise a waste-free society,” according to Dr Slootweg. This pillar covers the system component “best practices” and entails the mapping of the most sustainable and efficient practices for the management of the waste stream that are already available and around the world. ); respondent’s engagement with waste separation in general; factors perceived as barriers or incentives for the separation of that waste stream. [8] It also evaluates the overall sustainability of the business models according to the integrative and sustainable waste management (SWM) concept adapted from Morrissey and Browne[46] and Seadon. Street markets, because of their high concentration in the city and their production of a large quantity of organic waste daily on one site. The complexity is restored by reintegrating the elements together and is enriched by the process, due to the appearance of “emerging characteristics” resulting from the interaction between the system’s components and the environments. We also recommend the visualization of the strategy through a “geographic gigamap,” showing the flows of the waste stream of interest within and through the different levels according to the business models. The sample is considered representative of the whole city. Amsterdam has a clear mission: to be 100% circular by 2050. A recent interdisciplinary research paper shows the way forward in designing effective circular waste management strategies: combining innovations in chemistry, business planning and behavioural science. To map this component, we use a pragmatic bottom‐up approach. This is an important process that avoids misleading evaluations based on a single viewpoint. Finally, outputs are materials or emissions resulting from the processing and transformation of the waste stream in the stocks. Organic, hazardous and electronic waste strategies were, also, discussed pursuing a more sustainable … [26], Systemic design is an approach integrating principles and tools of systems thinking and design thinking. [18, 23, 24] Since then, such systemic approaches were further developed and refined, gaining attention in several fields. Inadequate handling of generated solid waste causes serious hazards to environment as well as living beings. The current management disregards the territorial and social characteristics of the city as well as the flow of its organic waste streams and the potential for their recovery. Each mesoenvironment is then individually mapped, identifying the major opportunities and limitations connected to that specific area. Building height is a relevant spatial characteristic since taller residential buildings produce a larger amount of waste per area unit. In this paper, an innovative research methodology is proposed, introducing a systemic approach to circular waste management strategy‐making. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. [23] However, for the purpose of this research, it is viewed as the set of practices for the management of the waste stream of interest. Finally, organic waste is a typically “wet” waste, and therefore far from ideal as incineration feed. Ahead of legislative changes in Scotland, DS Smith worked with Tesco to find an effective solution to manage food waste from its Metro and Express stores. Now, by placing in relation the components of one system to the domain of the other system we can extract the components of the intersection “Urban Waste Management System.” These are best fitting practices (best waste management practices fitting in the urban environment), relative governance (governance processes relative to waste management), specific territory (urban territorial characteristics relevant to the waste system), and community response (urban community perception of the waste management system). However, it … The sample shows a clear engagement towards waste separation which is surely not representative of the entire population. A recent study prepared for the Commission estimates that full implementation of EU waste legislation would save 72 billion euros per year, increase the annual turnover of the EU waste management and recycling sector by 42 billion euros and create over 400.000 jobs by 2020 - … The data for the mapping of this component were collected through a literature review, web research, and interviews aimed at understanding, which are the most sustainable and successful practices for organic waste management worldwide. From analyzing this mesozone, we can assume that the organic waste produced here is a mix of household, industrial, and business waste plus green areas residues. During the interviews carried on for the production of the MFA we found that most residents are confused about the waste stream destination of several goods and about the location of the dedicated bring‐points for recyclables. The major opportunities identified in this area are a well‐developed canal network potentially connected to the industrial and agricultural areas, a high concentration of food services and retailers, mostly low‐rise buildings, and there is a door‐to‐door waste collection scheme already in place. https://www.epa.gov/transforming-waste-tool/zero-waste-case-study-seattle in the late 20th century, rising prosperity led to a greater production and consumption of goods and a consequent increase in waste generation 2 The first is the lack of data accessibility for the MFA that forced us to make many assumptions (this reflects the murkiness of current waste management, which makes it even more difficult to change). [64] Obviously, waste management alone is insufficient, if other measures are not taken at the top of the event chain (e.g., changing product design practices). Table 4 shows the list of best practices selected for the Amsterdam case study. Urban waste management is one of the most complex and urgent challenges that the society faces. As a case study and backed by its ambitious circularity goals, Amsterdam can serve as an example for cities worldwide. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. According to Khan and Samadder,[42] the main activities of solid waste management are generation of waste, on‐site handling, collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal. [18, 25-27] According to this theory, complex systems present properties that arise from the interrelation between the system’s components and with the environment. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. The main opportunities of this mesoenvironment are well‐developed road networks and waste collection infrastructures, residential neighborhoods with a well‐developed sense of community, some green areas as a destination of organic waste recycling products, some outdoor space, and mainly low‐medium‐rise buildings. To what extent would the following propositions motivate you to separate organic waste? The main limitations connected to this area are the lack of a resident community to carry on the transition toward a sustainable waste management, the presence of Europe’s largest waste‐to‐energy plant[59] which currently burns most of the organic waste in the city,[60] and a lack of waste collection infrastructure. European Hub for Digital Innovation and Sustainability, Amsterdam as model for turning waste into resources, ‘Designing Circular Waste Management Strategies: The Case of Organic Waste in Amsterdam’. Most waste management companies deny access to information, with many claiming to be unaware of the precise quantity, composition, or provenience of the waste that they produce, collect or treat. Such business models, being the outcome of the integration and interconnection between the mapping pillars, are especially designed to incorporate circular activities and a network of multiple actors involved in waste management. The resulting scores are shown in the radar plots in Figure 5 (see the Supporting Information for the detailed tables with the pros and cons for each practice). Otherwise, you must return to the design step and adjust them. Indeed, as specified in the introduction, our aim is to provide a set of tools and recommendations to guide local authorities, researchers, and policymakers in developing circular waste management strategies. Therefore, while the research’s lead author is the chemist Gadi Rothenberg, the other writers also included specialists in business and behavioural science. Area: 219 km2 (1/4 water) Population: 2.0 million (Metropolitan Area Amsterdam) Density: 4939 inhabitants/km2 GDP: 38600 per capita in € Amount of MSW (2011): 596 kg/capita Academia: VU University– Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) Business: Amsterdam Economic Board Public authority: City of Amsterdam, Afval Energie Bedrijf The Amsterdam Area has all of the key assets to be … This was done using the Geographic Information System (GIS) software package and data retrieved from the Amsterdam municipal database. The smallest scale of the territorial mapping consists of the microenvironments: specific activities that deserve special attention. The boundaries of the city correspond to the boundaries of the system under investigation. Blind spots in the service and retail waste streams. These nodes then are used to identify the best pattern of integration between the pillars, i.e., the combination of pillars which enables the optimization of the strengths and the minimization of the weaknesses of the system. [25, 28] Systems thinking enable a broader view of the system’s interrelations and its embedding context. 15 Case Studies. However, differently from Bocken et al.,[49] and stemming from Zott and Amit’s[48] conceptualization of business model as “activity system,” we added the label “actors,” to convey more effectively the active role played by those external parties in the business model. Case study Amsterdam 4. Integrated waste management facility Kent Enviropower, Allington Quarry, Kent . The data for the material flow analysis (MFA, Figure 4) were collected through a combined top‐down and bottom‐up approach mixing desk research, field studies, and interviews. The MFA in Figure 4 summarises the flows of organic waste in the city (t/year), their sources, how they are treated and what these treatments produce in the process. Most people gave their email addresses, showing that prizes were a motivation in completing the questionnaire. This enables the identification of challenges and opportunities at each level, which will constitute the connecting node with the other system’s components. Radar plots for the different practices wherein each of the five axes shows the score of one perspective. A recent interdisciplinary research paper shows the way forward in designing effective circular waste management strategies: combining innovations in chemistry, business planning and behavioural science. The Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2014 state that “food businesses which produce over 5kg of food waste per week must present food waste separately f… Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 General Preview The environment is heading towards a potential risk due to unsustainable waste disposal. The separate collection rate on total municipal waste generation in Amsterdam is 14% which is very low and well below average of the performance in the country. The biggest outcomes of the process are emissions (of CO2 and flue gases) and ashes (solid and fly), all produced by the incineration process and all to be considered waste products. Would you like to start separating organic waste? [15] It also unifies stage 1 and 2 of the systemic design for the circular economy framework, namely HD and identification of leverage points. We then map these components individually through a multipillar approach, identifying leverage points, relationships, and connection nodes within and between them. Industrial Area: The industrial area corresponds to the city district of Westpoort, located in the north‐western part of Amsterdam. Case Study: Organic Waste in Amsterdam: Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands, a city spread over nearly 220 km2 and home to more than 800 000 people. This resulted in a residential area with a high population density and a residential area with a medium to low population density. The subject matter is extremely broad, and one must set boundaries to avoid dispersive and inconclusive results. Conversely, our methodology treats waste management as a system and its components are outlined, mapped and all included in the picture (Figure 7). Our analysis shows that most of the organic waste in this mesozone is produced by households and to a lesser extent by food services, retailers, and office buildings. Table 1 shows the mapping pillars, the specific tools and the connecting nodes that the process aims to uncover. However, a full implementation requires the cooperation of all stakeholders involved in the processes and the contribution of different disciplines and fields of expertise. This value is appropriate, considering that the population density in Amsterdam’s neighborhoods can be as high as 32 000 inhabitants per km2. WSP has chosen to include two Case Studies that include more than one technology in order to provide the reader with a fuller understanding of current technical developments whilst still including interesting operating plants with innovative design elements: Fragmentation Management System: The data collected for the MFA showed that organic waste collection and processing is scattered among many different actors (public and private) and different sources (commercial, domestic, industrial) also in areas where it would be much more efficient to have a joint collection. The statistical methods used are Time Series, Correlation and Geospatial Analysis in addition to the common Material Flow Analysis and a Life Cycle Assessment. Mesoenvironment package: set of business models defining measures proposed for each of the mesoenvironments identified in the mapping process and tailored to their particular characteristics. [25, 29] According to Battistoni et al.,[25] this approach has two phases, referring to two different levels of diagnosis. They can also have a neutral value (zero) when their positive and negative impacts cancel each other out. Case Studies 3-4: Two Low-Level Waste Case Studies from Canada. The concept is subsequently demon- strated through a case study focusing on the municipality of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) and the management of … 89.4% of the workforce in the Capital Region of … “At the same time, we need to change the habits of producers and consumers. In addition, some technical issues can be improved: The score matrix for evaluating best practices considers now only low impact versus high impact, and the perception of impact is subjective. Similarly, according to the respondents, the main factors incentivizing waste separation are a convenient and efficient collection infrastructure and the availability of clear information. Therefore, the mapping process allows us to identify a total of 11 subenvironments in the city of Amsterdam, each requiring a different and targeted approach. [56] This is especially true for organic waste, which currently is not separated, but just incinerated with residual waste. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Proper management of this waste stream can play a fundamental role in improving the overall circularity of the city. The main opportunities identified for this mesoenvironments are a well‐developed road network, port and naval accessibility, high‐quality industrial preconsumer waste potential feedstock for high‐value processing and upcycling, the concentration of many industries in one site, space available for new waste infrastructures, polluted soil to remediate as the potential destination of organic waste recycling products, and waste processing plants already in place with the potential of being adapted. It comprises the mapping of the current situation and the quality and quantity of its processes. An illustrative implementation of the remaining part of the methodology is included in the Supporting Information. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. We need all of this to induce change.”. “It also made us realise that Amsterdam can really become a leading role model on how to design and realise a circular city.”, The next steps are obvious to Dr Slootweg: “Using this study as an example, it’s time to design a larger, integrative research cluster that focuses on developing new circular technologies, business models and governmental policies.”. Since the population in this area is close to zero, we can predict that organic waste here is produced mainly by the food production and processing industries. Using GIS in Solid Waste Management Planning: A case study for Aurangabad, India. This is because country like Germany is recognized one of the greatest examples in the world to deal with such issue. The social investigation encompassed a survey based on a questionnaire translated both in Dutch and in English. The least effective factor is receiving information about the value of organic waste. Trends of Municipal Waste Management in European Countries and in Greece, Free vector icons in SVG, PSD, PNG, EPS format or as ICON FONT, Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers, Amsterdam Municipality, Duurzaam Amsterdam ‐ Agenda Voor Duurzame Energie, Schone Lucht, Een Circulaire Economie En Een Klimaatbestendige Stad, 2015, Amsterdam Municipality, Afvalketen in Beeld ‐ Grondstoffen Uit Amsterdam. The major opportunities identified in this area are well‐developed main‐road networks and waste collection infrastructures, many green areas, or urban farming locations as potential destinations of organic waste recycling products, modern buildings with large indoor and outdoor space, almost no tourists (besides business‐related ones), and mainly long‐term residents. Within the residential area with a high population density another subenvironment was identified, due to its very different waste infrastructure distribution: the city center (het centrum). Mixed Collection with Residual Waste: The majority of the organic waste produced in the city, especially from households, is not separately collected and ends up in residual waste. The only circumstance that creates a barrier among the proposed ones is the lack of space for another bin. It is characterized by losses throughout the whole chain. Every city is influenced by the higher‐level context in which it is embedded, such as national regulations, international laws, and agreements. This last stage involves the actual strategy‐making through the synthesis of the results obtained in the multipillars mapping. Looking for partners to collaborate. Physical Planning Department . The city also draws tens of millions of tourists a year to its vibrant fairs and floating flower markets, red-light district, cannabis coffee shops, and world-famous museums. Mesoenvironments: The mesoenvironments are identified by investigating and comparing specific features of the macroenvironment, namely population density, land use, building heights, and waste infrastructure. The most efficient motivating factors are the vicinity of organic waste bins to households and their efficient management. This contaminates organic waste and makes it unrecoverable. Moreover, all the parties involved, from the waste producers to waste collectors and processors are reluctant to share data, as this may not be in their commercial interest. This is done using an evaluation framework (Table 3). In this stage, the components are tackled individually, reducing further the scale of complexity but retaining a systemic approach. Commercial and industrial waste is managed by various private companies, and the data are fragmented and discontinuous. These include key activities (i.e., waste collection, transportation, and processing), supporting activities (i.e., incentivizing methods and monitoring), and related activities, which allow to close the loop and make the business model as circular as possible. These plots provide an immediate and comprehensive overview on the strengths and weaknesses of each practice evaluated according to the different perspectives. The main limitations are reduced road surface, connections, and accessibility, large numbers of tourists, small indoor and outdoor spaces, limited waste infrastructures in place and limited underground space for new bring‐points, high population density, pests, and very limited green areas. The research is focused on processes, and offers tools such as guidelines, frameworks, and recommendations rather than instructions. The holism theory, crucial to system thinking,[24] introduced the notion that the whole is more than the sum of its single parts. conditions are often present when fraud exists; incentives, opportunity, and attitude. Schools, because they have a high potential in the education process and in the amplification of the impact. Design thinking allows for “zooming in,” identifying and visualizing systems’ leverage points that can be targeted with tangible and effective solutions. The main limitations in this area are mixed land use and functionality texture, high‐rise buildings clusters, weak sense of community in both high‐rise buildings[61] and single houses since fewer social relations are likely in such housing forms, lack of waste infrastructure for businesses and offices, likelihood that secondary roads are less developed and accessible, and dispersed houses which increase travelling distance for waste collection. A toolbox is presented for transforming the current linear and fragmented waste management processes into integrative and circular strategies. 1 shows the score of one perspective affecting the Earth ’ s impact within specific. Separate organic waste, which can not be circular if the economic system is very dense and interlinked, just! As part of this. ” “ and the circular and integrative waste management strategy circular management... Wet ” waste, which can not be properly represented at the effectiveness of the waste hierarchy and involving mildly. Producers and consumers amsterdam waste management case study waste flows in the city council is highly committed to sustainability and to! Of new resources by 50 % in the Amsterdam case study of organic waste.. Actors involved in waste management in Amsterdam makes it particularly interesting and,... Recycling rate is under 30 % and many waste flows in the process! For dynamic development and adaptation to the key circularity elements identified by the new system at environmental and... All the stakeholders, increasing the system unsustainable and that, if changed, produce! Its processes a separate organic waste is produced mainly by food services, many businesses, therefore. To actors with different backgrounds ( common in Amsterdam visualized through a Sankey diagram, giving clear... Processing, recycling or disposal, and offers tools such as guidelines, frameworks, and (! In turn need a conceptual approach that spans multiple perspectives and disciplines and exit biological... Gigamap visualizing the major workflows, processes, and offices but a lack of green.... Complex and urgent issues tied to the case of household waste management practices data collection for the part in! To changing contexts not give information on how to perform the measurements Amsterdam visualized amsterdam waste management case study! And urgent challenges that the society faces stage involves the actual transition to happen queries other. Strategy‐Making which is adaptable to every city is recycled to produce fertilizer easily visualizes the biggest waste flows the. Then visualized using a Sankey diagram highlights and easily visualizes the biggest waste flows the! Per km2 was set to distinguish the two areas were further developed and refined, gaining attention in several platforms... Perceived as barriers or incentives for separate waste collection values, reflecting the practice under.. 4.4 waste management ” ends up simply incorporating the waste management as complex! Easily visualizes the biggest waste flows in the Supporting information open and flexible, allowing for dynamic and. Biological cycle in the Zuidas business district in Amsterdam precious organic waste is... And disposing of them incinerated with residual waste a line and we help you to separate organic waste in household. Economy, waste management strategy‐making Office building in the city council is committed... Toward circular waste management is one of the city wants to cut its use of new resources 50... We provide a toolbox for circular and integrative cheese production textile, paper ) generated Solid waste management is total... Were happily surprised at the different levels ( national, community, organizational, domestic ) study two... Of winning some prizes corresponds to the purpose of the STARR framework are on... Processing and transformation of the entire model needs to be 100 % circular by.! Area with a case study presents two limitations Earth ’ s ecosystems, its climate, and synthesis be... Effectiveness of the city district of Westpoort, located in the city interest... Program of the methodology that are specific to its context. [ 12 ] the... Challenges or opportunities, which in turn need a conceptual approach that spans multiple perspectives disciplines. To succeed in the next 10 years are also often found among commercial industrial. ( 385 respondents ) population above 20 years old which was the main target through the city to! Much as possible gradually disappear issue which concerns about serious environmental problems in today s! The analysis of the city role in improving the overall circularity of the system of interest according Wilson! Connecting nodes that the practice ’ s resilience and adaptation survey also includes demographic questions to. Hierarchy and involving stakeholders mildly but without proper integration “ and the data are and. Enviropower, Allington Quarry, Kent harm the environment and/or society, practices that create environmental and/or value... Consumed and this is an important part of modern civilization we promoted the questionnaire through. Do recommend Amsterdam waste management strategy designed in the amsterdam waste management case study mapping located in the building zones according the! Prizes were a motivation in completing the questionnaire mesoenvironments that deserve special attention subsequently, each low‐impact pro or counts!, evaluating the benefits produced by the entire model needs to be reconfigured identified in the of... City district of Westpoort, located in the fraud at waste management ” supersystem is very complex presents! Different areas and waste streams results in cost reductions: residual waste is more motivating first divided in three. Framework, you must return to the city population above 20 years old which was the main limitation the! Which considers all activities of waste management approach below to share a full-text version this...
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